|
Hmong Americans are the largest Asian ethnic group in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.〔"(Asian Americans in Wisconsin )." Wisconsin Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 1, 2014.〕 Allies of the United States in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War and later stages of the Laotian Civil War, they started seeking asylum as political refugees after the communist takeover in both nations in 1975. They were subject to targeted attacks in both countries and more than one hundred thousand Hmong were estimated to have been killed in the aftermath. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 49,240 Hmong persons living in Wisconsin, making up 0.9% of the state's population. As of 2000, there were 33,791 Hmong persons in the state, making up 0.63% of the total state population and 32.9% of its Asian population. In 1990 the 16,373 Hmong persons in Wisconsin made up 0.33% of the state's population. From 1990 to 2000, the Hmong population in Wisconsin increased by 106%, as immigration continued from Hmong refugee camps in Thailand. The state's European-American population increased in that time by 4.8%.〔Karon, Jeanette and Dan Veroff. "(Wisconsin's Hmong Population: Census 2000 Population and Other Demographic Trends... )" ((Archive )). University of Wisconsin Extension & Applied Population Laboratory (Source: 2000 Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau). p. VII. Retrieved on March 1, 2014.〕 Of the U.S. states, Wisconsin has the third-largest Hmong population, after California and Minnesota.〔 As of 2014, the largest Hmong populations in the state are located in Green Bay, La Crosse, Milwaukee, Sheboygan, and Wausau.〔 ==History== Susan Meredith Burt, author of ''Hmong in Wisconsin,'' stated that "()ost accounts" state that Hmong people first arrived in the Upper Midwestern United States in either 1975 or 1976, in the aftermath of United States withdrawal from the Vietnam War. They were seeking asylum in the United States, as many had worked or served in fighting for US forces in Laos during the "secret war."〔Burt, p. (111 ).〕 By 1980 there were 408 Hmong people in the state. Originally only Hmong veterans were allowed to immigrate.〔Zaniewski and Rosen, p. (14 ).〕 Churches and social service agencies initially settled Southeast Asian refugees, most of them Hmong, along with some Vietnamese and Laotian people, in Wausau. According to the 1980 U.S. Census, Wausau had fewer than 1% non-White people. There were several dozen Asian immigrants in 1978. By 1980 200 Southeast Asian refugees had settled in Wausau. This increased to 400 in 1982 and 800 in 1984.〔"(The Ordeal of Immigration in Wausau" ), ((Archive )). ''The Atlantic''. April 1994. Retrieved on March 1, 2014.〕 In 1981 there were 160 Hmong students in the Wausau School District. Over time, the Hmong became the largest ethnic minority in the city.〔"(In Wausau, Hmong at another crossroads" ), ''Chicago Tribune,'' 16 June 2003. Retrieved on March 2, 2014.〕 Kazimierz J. Zaniewski and Carol J. Rosen, authors of ''The Atlas of Ethnic Diversity in Wisconsin'', stated that the "rapid rate of growth of the Hmong population was probably the most interesting demographic event in Wisconsin in the 1980s".〔 In 1990 there were 16,980 Hmong in Wisconsin. This was an increase of more than 4,000% from the 1980 figure. By this time the US government had relaxed some restrictions and allowed families to immigrate, leading to reunification of Hmong families in Wisconsin and other destinations. The first effort aided nuclear families, but Hmong extended families and clans are extremely important to their society, and they pressed for extended family members to be allowed to immigrate.〔(Mary Jo Beghto, "Hmong Refugees and the US Health System" ), ''Cultural Survival Quarterly'', Issue: 12.1 (Spring 1988) Health and Healing, accessed 30 August 2014〕 They have a patrilineal kinship system.〔 By 1980, the Hmong quickly began to organize Mutual Assistance Associations in cities where they had the largest populations, and these have continued. In 1991 there were 1,010 Hmong students in the Wausau School District.〔 In a period ending in 1994, the tax rate of the Wausau School District rose by 10.48% due to the expenses of services to children from immigrant families. The increase was three times as high as the increase in an adjacent school district that lacked a large immigrant population.〔 By 1994 Wausau had 4,200 refugees. The number of Hmong students in the school district was over 2,000 in 1996. In 1998 this number reached its peak, 2,214. Tim Jones of the ''Chicago Tribune'' wrote that Wausau had "some of the greatest social upheaval from the Hmong arrival."〔 Some schools in Wausau had a minority of English speakers,〔 and some schools were dominated by Hmong students.〔 Some native-born American families in Wausau criticized crime associated with the Hmong community and the costs of social services to them.〔 Fungchatou Lo states that in 2000 there were 46,600 Hmong in Wisconsin. A summary of the 2006 American Community Survey data from Mark Pfeifer stated that Wisconsin had 38,949 Hmong.〔 By 2002, 12% of the Wausau population was Hmong, and 25% of the students at Wausau public schools were Hmong.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hmong in Wisconsin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|